COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: MALARIA

Assalamualaikum,

Today im gonna share about mosquito-borne infectious disease (MALARIA). It is caused by parasites of the species plasmodium. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of North & South America, Asia, n Africa. This disease transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito (the disease's vector).

The life cycle of Malaria

MALARIA CYCLE

 1)Infected mosquito bites human

2)Parasite rapidly goes to the liver within 30 minutes.

 

3)The parasite starts reproducing rapidly in the liver, some parasites (from the ovale and vivax species of malaria) lie dormant in the liver, to reactivate and cause diseases often long after the initial infection

4)This gets into the blood stream, attaches and enters red blood cells. Further reproduction occurs

5)Infected red blood cells burst, infecting other blood cells

6)This repetitive cycle causes fever and depletes the body of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Additionally, infected red blood cells clog up the circulation in vital organs such as the brain and kidney.

 

 

7)As infection progresses, sexual forms of the parasite (gametocycles) are released into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites, it takes up these gametocycles and the cycle of infection is perpetuated placing others at risk.

THE SPECIES

The disease is caused by four species of protozoa

a. Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian)

  · This is considered as the most serious malarial infection because of the development of high      parasitic densities in blood (RBC) with tendency to agglutinate and form into microemboli

  · This is most common in the Philippines

b. Plasmodium vivax (Benign tertian)

  · This is nonlife threatening except for the very young and the old

  · It is manifested by chills every 48 hours on the 3rd day onward especially if untreated

c. Plasmodium malariae (Quartan)

  · It is less frequently seen

  · This specie is nonlife threatening

  · Fever and chills usually occur every 72 hours usually on the 4th day after onset

d. Plasmodium ovale

  . is the rare type of protozoan species

  · This is rarely seen in the Philippines

THE SYMPTOMS

•Headache

•Fatigue

•Abdominal discomfort

•Muscle and joint pain

•Fever

•Chills

•Vomiting

•Worsening malaise

PREVENTION & CONTROL

•Malaria cases should be reported

•A screening of all infected persons from mosquitoes is important

•Mosquito breeding places must be destroyed

•Homes should be sprayed with effective insecticides which have residual actions on the walls

•Mosquito nets should be used especially when in infected areas

•Insect repellents must be applied to the exposed portion of the body

•People living in malaria-infected areas should not donate blood for at least three years

•Blood donors should be properly screened.

Top 10 Best Korean Drama 2016- Personal Opinion

Assalamualaikum, as one of k-drama lover, i will list my  favorite dramas through out the year (2016). This is my personal opinion k.

1.W

2.The Legend of The Blue Sea

3.The K2

4.Moon Lovers- Scarlet Heart Ryeo

5.Mirror of The Witch

6.Moonlight Drawn by Clouds

7.The Descendant of the sun

8.Bring it on Ghost

9.Marriage Contract

10. Uncontrollably Fond

HERBAL MEDICINE-Malay traditional medicine

Assalamualaikum,
Masa buat Degree in Biomedical Science dulu, ada la 1 subjk known as Herbal Medicine. I really love this subject since it deal with natural things. jadi, untuk entri kali ni nak share sikit regarding our Malay traditional medicine, sebab negara kita memang sangat kaya dengan herba nya.

Ulam Raja (Cosmos caudatus)

•For the uninitiated, leaves tastes raw and somewhat astringent

•Possess ability to cleanse and improve blood circulation and strengthen bones due to its high calcium content

•Dried leaves contain high amounts of potent antioxidants

•0.3% of proteins, 0.4% of fats and carbohydrates,

•also rich in calcium and vitamin A

•each 100 grams of the fresh leaves have the same antioxidant property to the 2400 mg of ascorbic L-acid (AEAC)

•more than 20 types of antioxidant substances. The main anti oxidant substances are due to the existence of proanthocyanidins that existed as dimers through hexamers, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic, neo-chlorogenic, crypto-chlorogenic acid and (+)-catching

•high mineral content and possesses high antioxidant activity - beneficial in bone disorder such as postmenopausal osteoporosis

•as effective as calcium in preventing the increase in bone resorption in ovariectomized rats

[The effects of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) supplementation on bone biochemical parameters in ovariectomized rats. Mohamed N et al., Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013 Sep;26(5):1027-31]

Kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila) 

•Has been used by many generations of  Malay women to induce and facilitate childbirth as well as a post-partum medicine (Burkill, 1935).

•In-vitro study using human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells showed ethanolic extract of the roots of exhibited a weak but specific estrogenic effect on the cells

•Recent studies (IMR) also show similarities to other estrogens such as estrone and estriol

•treat dysentery, rheumatism and gonorrhoea. It is also used as an antiflatulence and anti-dysmenorrhoea, helps in cleansing and avoiding painful or difficult menstruation.

•preliminary data suggest that Kacip Fatimah does not increase estrogen levels and but instead causes increase free testosterone from the ovaries as it does not work without ovaries.

•The increase in free testosterone may cause increase in libido and sexuality in women.

•This could be the effect that the women taking Kacip Fatimah are looking for

•Study  conducted to determine the side effects of petroleum-ether extract on liver and kidney of white rats.

•Noted  inflammatory lesions of the renal tubules leading to glomerulonephritis and nephrosis and lesions in the liver.

•This abnormality in the liver and kidney tissue suggested the presence of toxin compound from Kacip Fatimah.

[The Side Effects Of Kacip Fatimah Extract On Liver And Kidney  Of White Rats. W. M. Effendy et al. Journal of Sustain. Sci & Mngt., 2006 Vol. 1(1): 40-46]

Cekur (Kaempferia galangal)

•Chinese ginger, finger root, Lesser Galangale (English), kencur (Indonesia), pro hom (Thailand)

•Used as a rub to “warm the body” during a woman’s confinement.

•Also used to treat “high blood pressure, swellings, ulcers, sprains and asthma” and widely used in the Malay herbal formulas of jamu.

ok la ,utk entri kali ni, saya share 3 jenis herba ini dulu. InsyaAllah, saya akan sambung la beberapa jenis herba yang lain nanti.